A soil sample can be analysed to determine its composition, nutrient levels and characteristics such as the pH balance. Soil testing is usually carried out as part of a programme, consisting of four phases: 1) soil sampling; 2) sample analysis; 3) data interpretation and 4) soil management recommendations. Soil tests can help to determine soil fertility levels, and identify nutrient deficiencies, potential toxicities and trace minerals. They are also important for monitoring the stages of land degradation,[1] acting as a first step in defence by regularly gathering information on which to base land management and fertiliser decisions over time..